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Role and Functions of Law Free Essays

Jobs and Functions of Law Tanya S Kleinschmidt Law 421 March 25, 2013 Walter M Pence III Roles and Functions of Law is tremendous and differing, which makes it overpowering and confounding. The fundamental reason for the law is to make request in the public arena and business. Law can be characterized as â€Å"the assortment of legitimate guidelines and guidelines, by and large found in constitutions, enactment, legal feelings, and so forth, that is utilized to oversee a general public and to control the conduct of its individuals, so Law is a proper instrument of social control† (Sixth Form Law, 2012, standard. We will compose a custom article test on Job and Functions of Law or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now 4). The accompanying will portray the capacity of law and what job it has in the public arena and business notwithstanding taking a gander at how law influences a particular industry. Since American law is so assorted, it is separated into a few classes. Those classes incorporate; Criminal law versus Civil law, Substantive law versus Procedural law, and Public law versus Private law. Kindly note that these classes are expansive, and they are not totally unrelated. A demonstration or exchange can be ordered in more than one lawful class (Melvin, 2011). To start with, laws, basically rules, are viewed as criminal or common. Criminal law secures society. It is between private gatherings and society. For instance, in the event that somebody is raised on murder allegations they would be attempted in a criminal courtroom. Infringement of criminal law could bring about punishments of fines or detainment to violators whenever indicted for the wrongdoing and demonstrated to have purposefully carried out the wrongdoing. Common law is between private gatherings. Common laws are made to repay parties who have encountered misfortunes in light of the other parties’ activities. Instances of common law could be separation and coincidental injury cases. Next are the contrasts between Substantive law and Procedural law. Considerable law is a legal law, which manages the connection between individuals or individuals and the state. Meaningful law is utilized to characterize, direct, and make people’s rights and commitments. They manage the structure and the realities of the case to decide the sort of wrongdoing and the seriousness. It additionally characterizes the rights and obligation of the blamed. For instance, there are a few degrees of homicide, contingent upon the conditions and the expectation; there are various degrees of discipline. Then again, Procedural law is a lot of decides that oversee the procedures of criminal claims and common procedures. It explains on the means of how the case ought to continue just as helps with deciding whether the case requires a preliminary. These laws guarantee reasonable practice and consistency in the fair treatment (Diffen, n. d. ). Last is the synopsis of Public law and Private law. Open law administers the connection among people and the legislature. It incorporates established law, regulatory law, and criminal law. Aggressive behavior at home is a case of Public law. Private law, otherwise called custom-based law in certain nations, oversees the connections between people. It incorporates common law, work law, business law, companies law, and rivalry law. A case of Private law would be an agreement for administrations. In the event that somebody renders a help as per the solicitation of the customer, yet the customer isn't content with the outcomes and will not pay for this administration. This understanding is legitimately authoritative and the guidelines of exchange are represented by the precedent-based law of agreements (Melvin, 2011). There is a lot to process once finding out about the classes of law and to think this is simply skimming the surface. Notwithstanding these classifications the Congress is given force by means of the Commerce Clause to â€Å"regulate Commerce among the few states† (Melvin, 2011, p 32). On the off chance that Congress decides to manage certain people or items, the government law is incomparable to the state law that attempts to control similar people or items. On account of Cipollone v. Liggett Group, the state law managing publicizing for tobacco items were seized by the government law (Melvin, 2011). It is imperative to realize how state and government laws can influence society and business. One industry, which is under steady examination, is Appraising. Assessing has both state and government laws to live with, and they are continually evolving. Appraisers are required to get certain measures that are gone ahead in the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP), which is distributed by the Appraisal Standards Board of the Appraisal Foundation. On the off chance that an appraiser neglects to follow these guidelines there could be discipline of fines, claims, or loss of permit. Taking everything into account, it is essential to know the fundamental jobs and elements of law in both society and business despite the fact that it is tremendous and different. Laws are expected to make parity and request inside society and business, and they can be broken into general classes to acquire the essential information. Another approach to improve ones information on the jobs and elements of business is to do look into on earlier cases or laws that relate to a business of intrigue. References Diffen. (n. d. ). Procedural Law versus Substantive Law. Recovered from http://www. diffen. com/distinction/Procedural_Law_vs_Substantive_Law Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. 6th Form Law. (2012). What is Law? Recovered from http://sixthformlaw. information/01_modules/other_material/law_and_morality/0_what_is_law. htm Instructions to refer to Role and Functions of Law, Essay models

Heres What You Need to Know About Reliability and Validity

Heres What You Need to Know About Reliability and Validity Outside of the world of research, reliability and validity are often used interchangeably. Because of this colloquial use, the true meaning of these words has become clouded. This article will explain the differences between these words from the statistical perspective and discuss the types of reliability and validity, as well as how these two constructs interact. We will start with a list of definitions, first defining reliability and validity as umbrella terms, and subsequently breaking down the different subtypes below each.The major consideration with regard to reliability versus validity is that reliability simply relates to how consistent a particular metric is, it does not consider the accuracy of the measure. This is the domain of validity. For example, an uncalibrated piece of equipment may consistently give the same results while testing a sample, and therefore it can be considered reliable. It will not give accurate results, thus the results are not valid. It would be as i f you set your bathroom scale to reflect your weight to show that you are twenty pounds lighter than you actually are. It would reliably give you roughly this weight every day, however it would not be accurate, and is therefore not valid.An uncalibrated piece of equipment may consistently give the same results while testing a sample, and therefore it can be considered reliable. It will not give accurate results, thus the results are not valid. It would be as if you set your bathroom scale to reflect your weight to show that you are twenty pounds lighter than you actually are. Photo by i yunmai on Unsplash.Definitions for various types of reliabilityIn order to get a greater depth of understanding of these fundamental concepts, it is important to discuss a few of the different types of reliability commonly considered across numerous fields of research. These constructs include the following subtypes:Reliabilityâ€"The consistency of a metricConsistencyâ€"As discussed above, this is th e core of reliability. Something that is a consistent measure will provide the same results no matter how many times you run a sample.Internal Consistency (Homogeneity)â€"This is tested by splitting the sample data in half and running a test to ensure that the two subsamples are not statistically different. This is often done using tests such as the Kruder-Richardson test, a more complex version of the split half test previously mentioned, or Chronbachs alpha.Stabilityâ€"Stability commonly refers to test-retest reliability. That is to say that it is the repeatability of the test. This is generally a correlational metric in which a correlation coefficient of less than 0.3 is weak, 0.3-0.5 is a moderate relationship, and above 0.5 is a strong correlation, and therefore the relationship is more stable. Pearsons r is a common statistical test to determine these correlation coefficients.Equivalenceâ€"This is assessed using inter-rater reliability, which is another common term for this me tric. Inter-rater reliability is achieved when the results are reliable even if a different person is doing the assessment or running the sample.Further information on these topics can be found in the Research Made Simple article in Evidence Based Nursing by Heale and Twycross (2015). Additionally, a common example of test-retest reliability provided in statistics classes, and discussed by Pagano (2010) is the IQ test. If one assumes that a persons IQ is stable over time, this test is a relatable example of test-retest reliability; no matter how many times you take the test, the score will be approximately the same. This example also works for inter-rater reliability as it does not matter if you are given the test by two different people, or if you do a computerized version, the test will still provide reliable results. The test will generate the same score for the participant consistently, however this does not address the validity of the test.Reliability is also a synonym for stat istical significance, which occurs when one is able to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is essentially the assertion that there is no difference between two populations (or more) that are being examined. In responsible research, scientists do not try to prove their idea, they try to see if they can disprove it, thus they check to see if they can reject the null or not. When the null hypothesis is rejected this means that the results of a particular test are not due to chance, with a probability generally below 0.05%. As Pagano says (2010), It might have been better to use the term reliable to convey this meaning rather than significant. However, the usage of significant is well established, so we will have to live with it.Definitions for various types of validityTo continue with various definitions youll need surrounding the concept of validity, see below.Validityâ€"Accurate measurementContent Validityâ€"If the metric in question covers all of the aspects that need to be considered for a given variable in order to accurately assess itFace Validityâ€"This is a subset of content validity in which experts in the field assess whether or not a particular instrument is capable of accurately measuring a particular variableConstruct Validityâ€"The test scores allow you to make predictions based on themHomogeneityâ€"The metric is only reflecting one theory, more specifically that the experimental samples scores have the same finite variance (the statistical properties are the same across the data set)Convergenceâ€"The instrument produces similar results to established metrics that assess the concept in questionTheory Evidenceâ€"The test results are representative of observable evidence, for example if the IQ test provides a high score for an individual and they actually have a high degree of general intelligenceCriterion Validityâ€"The instrument used to assess the construct in question highly correlates, greater than 0.5, with other modes of measurement for similar variablesConvergent Validityâ€"The demonstration that a particular instrument correlates greater than 0.5 with other instruments that measure a similar variableDivergent Validityâ€"The demonstration that there is a correlation of less than or equal to 0.3 between instruments intended to measure different variablesPredictive Validityâ€"The ability of an instrument to forecast future outcomes related to the variable in questionAdditional consideration should be given to the following types of validity as well. As described in Research Design and Statistical Analysis, a rather daunting and heavy text by Myers, Well, and Lorch (2010):Internal Validityâ€"The observations made using a particular measure can be attributed to the variable being manipulated, aka the independent variableExternal Validityâ€"This is the degree to which the observations made can be related to other populations of interest or related conditionsInteractions between reliability and validityAs illustrat ed below in a diagram used by many sources, there are interactions between reliability and validity. On the first dartboard, you can see a pictographic demonstration for data that is reliable, but not valid. The player consistently hits roughly the same spot, but is never on target, and therefore not accurate. In the second example, the player always hits the board so it is arguably accurate, given that the margin of error is rather high, but you can not rely on consistency. The third graphic demonstrates a condition in which the data is neither reliable nor accurate; they are only hitting part of the target and the shots are not evenly distributed around the bulls eye, which is meant to symbolize the variable that is supposed to be under scrutiny. The fourth board is the ideal that one strives for in science; not only is the data consistently showing similar values, but it is accurately assessing the experimental variable of interest, being the bulls eye.Interactions between reliab ility and validity. Diagram Provided by Researchgate.Summary of key pointsReliability=Consistency?Statistical SignificanceValidity=AccuracyReliability+Validity=Credible Experimental ResultsFinal thoughtsAlthough when you are first introduced to statistical analysis it can be daunting for a lot of people, a solid foundational understanding of the jargon specific to the field will reduce the likelihood of confusion as you move into more advanced topics, apply statistics to your own data, or try to discuss statistical results with others. I encourage you to look deeper into the specific statistical analyses that are commonly used in your field to facilitate your understanding of these concepts as they relate to your life. Initially, these topics may be confusing or dry, but once you become familiar with them they will prove to be excellent tools to have in your proverbial belt. Additionally, a basic understanding of research and statistics will protect you from the charlatans of the wo rld who try to misguide others with fancy words and flawed data. As American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator Neal deGrasse Tyson once said, Science literacy is a vaccine against the charlatans of the world that would exploit your ignorance.

How to Use a Geoboard in Math

The geoboard is just one of many math manipulatives that can be used in math to support understanding of a concept. Math manipulatives help teach concepts in a concrete method which is preferred before attempting the symbolic format. Geoboards are used to support early geometric, measurement, and numeracy concepts. Geoboard Basics Geoboards are square boards that have pegs to which students attach rubber bands to form various shapes. Geo-boards come in 5-by-5 pin arrays and 10-by-10 pin arrays. If you dont have any geoboards handy, dot paper can be used as an alternative, although it wont make learning quite as enjoyable for students. Unfortunately, rubber bands can lead to mischief when given to young children. Before getting started with your geoboards, teachers and students need to have a conversation about the appropriate use of rubber bands. Make it clear that any students who abuse rubber band use (by snapping them or shooting them at others) will not be allowed to use them and will be given dot paper instead. This tends to ensure that students who wish to use rubber bands will do so thoughtfully. 15 Geoboard Questions for 5th-Graders Here are some questions for the 5th graders that encourage students understanding by representing figures while also helping them develop concepts about measurements, or more specifically, area. In order to determine if students have gained an understanding of the desired concept, ask them to hold up their geo-boards each time theyve completed a question so you can check their progress. 1. Show a triangle that has an area of one square unit. 2. Show a triangle with an area of 3 square units. 3. Show a triangle with an area of 5 square units. 4. Show an equilateral triangle. 5. Show an isosceles triangle. 6. Show a scalene triangle. 7. Show a right triangle with an area of more than 2 square units. 8. Show 2 triangles that have the same shape but that are different sizes. What is the area of each triangle? 9. Show a rectangle with a perimeter of 10 units. 10. Show the smallest square on your geoboard. 11. What is the largest square you can make on your geoboard? 12. Show a square with 5 square units. 13. Show a square with 10 square units. 14. Make a rectangle with an area of 6. What is its perimeter? 15. Make a hexagon and determine the perimeter. These questions can be modified to meet learners at various grade levels. When introducing the geoboard, begin with an exploring type of activity. As the comfort level increases when working with geoboards, it is useful to have students begin transferring their figures/shapes to dot paper. To extend some of the questions above, you can also include concepts such as which figures are congruent, or which figures have 1 or more lines of symmetry. Questions like this should be followed up with, How do you know? which requires students to explain their thinking.

Destruction of the American Dream Essay - 2145 Words

Destruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct In all of us, there is a duality of existence which allows for the American Dream to be within our minds. Part of the mind believes in the dream, is swallowed up by its fantasy and perfection, while the other part is the screaming voice†¦show more content†¦We strive to one up our neighbor and fellow man, by showing of our latest possessions that we have attained. Apparently, this game of self-gratification is just what we need to create a personal image that we can believe in, and through that image our sight is tinted in the color green. Gradually we become detached from ourselves, and less and less of our lives are determined by who we are or what we can be, and more and more is determined by how much we can show our wealth. The happiness in slavery continues, and our very essence and souls are given to the soylent green substance that drives us. We torture ourselves, just for a little more pleasure later. From here we are consumed to a point that nothing matters anymore except for the money. Broken shells of real people, it’s only a matter of time before there isn’t enough money and all is lost. Heresy So what created this duality and machine anyway? Which lies had to be told in order to get this plague to fall upon the people? Many of them, unfortunately, can be found rooted in our joke of a religious system. Organized religion is organized mind control. People are told what to believe, and do so blindly out of fear of being wrong and fear of being different. Even those who do have some amount ofShow MoreRelated Destruction of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagessame dream that says this is a country where anything’s possible. No matter who you are. No matter where you come from.† -- President Obama, Commenting on the American Dream The American Dream is a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success. It is the belief that, no matter how poor you begin life, you can achieve upward social mobility for your family and children. Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, crushes the ethos of the American Dream. Miller’sRead More Destruction of the American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of A Salesman834 Words   |  4 PagesDestruction of the American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of A Salesman A white picket fence surrounds the tangible icons of the American Dreams in the middle 1900s: a mortgage, an automobile, a kitchen appliance paid for on the monthly - installment - plan, and a silver trophy representative of high school football triumph. A pathetic tale examining the consequences of mans harmartias, Arthur Millers Death of A Salesman satisfies many, but not all, of the essential elements of a tragedyRead More The Destruction of the American Dream in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1802 Words   |  8 PagesGreat Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the main theme is most directly related to the American Dream. The American Dream is based on the idea that any person, no matter who they are, can become successful in life by working hard. The Great Gatsby is about what happened to the American Dream during the 1920s, an era when the dream had been corrupted by the relentless pursuit of wealth. The pursuit of the American Dream is the ultimate cause of the downfall of the mai n character, Jay Gatsby. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Great Gatsby, the Stock-Market Crash and the Destruction of American Dreams1825 Words   |  8 Pagesregret those inspiring words (Hoover). During a time when people were living the American Dream, few were prepared for or expected the stock market crash and the American nightmare that continued through the 1930s. â€Å"The cars from New York are parked five deep in the drive, and already the halls and salons and verandas are gaudy with primary colors and hair shorn in strange new ways, and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile† (Fitzgerald 40). During the 1920s, people enjoyed the carelessness ofRead MoreThe Destruction of Willy Lowmans American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of A Salesman626 Words   |  3 Pagesstubborn attachment to the idea of striking it big. Willys life is ended by his own hands, the result of a broken dream that lead to a broken spirit. In many senses Willy represents the idea of the everyman, the average working class man trying to get ahead, this is reflected in his attachment to the achievement of more wealth, and his idealized vision of how to get there the American dream. However, Willy can be seen to represent more that just the average man, and it can be argued that Willys hamartiaRead MoreThemes Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1308 Words   |   6 Pages The American Dream can exist through almost anything, including the disbandment of love. The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald displays the concept of the American Dream through modern Love. In the novel Fitzgerald creates a main portion of characters, Gatsby, Daisy, Nick, and Tom to act as the symbols of this American Dream. Throughout the story Fitzgerald gives his readers a taste of what the chase of an American Dream is mainly seen as, which in the end did not become successful. FitzgeraldRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby968 Words   |  4 PagesAidan Donaher Mr. Mahoney English 11 Honors Nov 3, 2015 Great Gatsby Paper A life of luxury requires an arduous journey of dedication to achieve it. To embody the American Dream, one must strive to succeed. However, some may go too far in the process, and make irreversible decisions. This dream of copious amounts of wealth causes multiple characters in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s well-known novel The Great Gatsby to perish from selfishness. Based in the roaring twenties, also known as the jazz age, FitzgeraldRead MoreThe Corruption Of The American Dream956 Words   |  4 PagesCorruption of the American Dream F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays the American Dream as a set of goals that included freedom, settlement, and an honest life with the possibility of social and economic success earned through hard work, but was corrupted and degraded by the egotistical materialism of the 1920s. Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby, aims to discredit the supposed purity of the American Dream and belief that anyone can attain it through hard work. Instead, he argues that the dream is a delusionRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1566 Words   |  7 Pagesthe American dream.) This represents the idea of the American Dream, where qualities of hard work and ambition are shown. The novel The Fitzgerald embodies many themes; however the most significant one relates to the corruption of the American dream. The American Dream is defined as someone starting low on the economic or social level, and working hard towards prosperity and or wealth and fame. By having money, a car, a big house, nice clothes and a happy family symbolizes the American dream. ThisRead MoreEffects Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1306 Words   |  6 Pagesliving the American dream of success, freedom, and happiness if they work hard enough. However, the way to obtain such dream is different for every person. Each individuals social class, beliefs, and views in life determine the way they will achieve the American dream. Sometimes the way a person goes about obtaining their dream does more harm than good. The Great Gatsby is a novel that shows what happened to the American Dream in the 1920’s, which is a day and age when the dream wound up corrupted

Using Grade 8 Argumentative Essay Samples Literature

Using Grade 8 Argumentative Essay Samples Literature Key Pieces of Grade 8 Argumentative Essay Samples Literature Keep in mind, the main purpose is to prove your thesis is a valid argument. It doesn't need to be a public spectacle in the shape of a debate. Nevertheless, in a debate, you need to make sure that you've made all of your points clear before attempting to end the argument. Second, outlining your points of argument beforehand will help to make certain that your persuasive essay is going to be structured logically around your ideas. You can also see academic essay. The essay should have a little structure, unlike a normal essay. You can also see analytical essay. Argumentative essays also incorporate a sort of thesis. Whenever you aren't exactly certain how to compose an argument essay, you ought to get a fantastic sample paper because it is going to end up being a useful resource that enable you to finish the assignment effectively. Care ought to be taken that the data utilised in the essay is pertinent to the topic. It requires the students to have good online research skills to acquire the essay examples that they are searching for writing their argumentative essay. When looking where to get argumentative essays, you have probably already encounter number of different sites that provide similar services and even checked their sample essays. There are several argument essays on such sites. On-line documents There are sample argument essays which can be accessed through internet links. You might also see concept essays. You could also see essay examples. Argumentative essay examples are employed within this guide to help you realize how to write one. In order to give an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is best to examine some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. How to Choose Grade 8 Argumentative Essay Samples Literature It isn't possible to set limits on the wages, but they might be a whole lot more performance oriented than ever before. Writing service companies Professional writing companies offer completely free samples of their work to entice clients. Even though both work to the improvement of a business, the broad disparity has the capacity to induce a great deal of grudge and bad vibes. Our consumer writing services are based around the idea of providing quality argumentative essays and being the ideal sample writing service on the web. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some importa nt components which make it better in the practice of convincing. This essay will appear at a number of the factors for this difference at university level. Essay writing per se is no simple endeavor to do. An Argumentative Essay has the next. The Argumentative Essay Lab will lead you through each step of the. It is essential that the thesis statement ought to be slimmed down to be able to stick to the guidelines of the given writing exercise. You've sought out a service from where you are able to buy argumentative essay samples and now you wish to acquire the absolute most out of it that you are able to. When it's your time to compose argumentative essay, you came to the correct spot. Each sample is meticulously written by the exact same expert freelance writers that you will be matched with upon placing your purchase. At times, it's an excellent idea in order to add something funny to your argumentative essay. One of the simplest strategies to comprehend how to establish and format this form of essay is to use an example for a guide. So when you purchase sample argumentative essays from Ultius, you will have the peace of mind you have earned from a comprehensive writing service. When you purchase an argumentative essay from Ultius, you may rest assured our expert writers will do anything it requires to guarantee the sample order is 100% correct before you login and download this, and if your criteria has changed, no issue, completely free revisions are included with each order. You might also want to incorporate a quick discussion of more research that needs to be completed in light of your work. Instructional guides Those helpful how-to sites will also provide you a few examples alongside instructions about how to finish such an essay. Don't hesitate to check out a number of our reviews (and our replies) by click on this link.

My Mom is My Hero Essay Example

My Mom is My Hero Essay Essay on My Mother Where would I have been without you mother? Destiny gives us opportunities to meet new people in our lives. Each one bringing a unique flavor, molding us into what we will become. There is always that one person who will walk in when the rest of the world walks out, the person that wont sleep if I dont sleep, the person that will run up and down looking for something for me to eat, the person that will pray to God to take her life instead of mine when I am sick: my sweet mother. A mother of eight, a woman shaped with strength, wisdom, experience, honesty, faithfulness, a caring wife and mother. She gathers from her soil, minerals and natural resources and equipped her children for survival. Her life of honesty, wisdom and strength inspires me with confidence and great motivation to achieve success. My mother: a woman from Abaft, a land with exotic beaches equipped with Ana blue waters and surrounded by anchors of Joy and laughter which enveloped you in the rhythm of its music and the sensational taste of its food that left you craving more. We will write a custom essay sample on My Mom is My Hero specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Mom is My Hero specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Mom is My Hero specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My mother, a mi-light skin tone, flawless skin, a narrow, not so much fat facial shape, plump lips, dark brown eyes with thick eyelashes, high cheekbones, a straight, narrow nose, a big booty and a long straight hair extending to her cheeks. Her life was full of misfortune and unexpected troubles following her divorce to my dad. They divorced in the year 2000 because the beauty of another woman charmed my dad. At this time, I was Just two years old and had no clue as to what was going on. I was Just another unfortunate product of an unsuccessful marriage; Just another case to be brought up by a single woman whose Joy had always been my pain. Because I knew deep in my heart, she did not deserve what had been done to her by the forces of this world. After the divorce, my misery began. I was sent to live with my uncle and his family because I was the only son and my dad wanted to protect me. He needed an heir according to our rich strong values, which said: a man is a man if he has an heir to his throne and must be a male child. While at my uncles house, I was treated like an orphan. My uncles wife had always wished that, my fathers wealth were her husbands. She used this as an opportunity to release her build up Jealousy. The worst of it all was when she started calling my mother names saying, mirror mother is a lazy woman, a prostitute, a careless and unfaithful woman. She was mean to me because she wanted my fathers wealth to be her husbands. Imagine at the age of three; a child had to go through all that. Now as I think about it, I realized she taught me: patience and how to survive in hardship. A week after my uncles wife called my mom names, I was her next victim. She took me to the farm and showed my own portion and a time limit to work on it or else there will be no food and place for me in ere house. She then went to the market and bought new water Jars and commanded water. In addition to that, I had to check my uncles traps every morning. After a year of intense domestic chores, I got sick and needed medical attention which never came. I nursed the abscess for months which later on lead to a big scare. This scare reminds me of the hardship I received from my own uncles wife, a human and a woman who is still giving birth, not knowing what will happen with her own children. The wound later exposed me to other diseases that were unknown to the doctors and even to me. I was in real pain and no one in my uncles house really paid attention to me. I was left uncared for, abandoned as though I had no family. It was a Good Samaritan that heard my cry, who shared my pain and look for possible avenues I could get help. It was a radio announcement by this Good Samaritan that I am able to be here today. She called and informs my mom about my condition. Two days later, I felt the arms and warm embrace of a true woman, a loving and caring mother. It was not easy coming over because she was not working at the moment and could barely afford the cost of transportation to where I was. But when it came to me, the case was far different. She sold her clothes, Jewelries, and other valuable belongings she had owned for years. When she arrived, she was directed to my cold and lonely room, no lights and no mattress. I was laid on a wooden floor; no clothes, no food, no water and above all no medication to even help my fever. The room was like a devils den. Tears flow from her eyes like a river, as soon as she walked in. She grabbed me in her soft-gentle hands, soft as the petals of a rose. I felt a new found affection. And this was when my healing began. Taking me back with her to our hometown was a matter of kidnap. My uncle could not let her take me from them and this was the only thing she had in her head. She had a plan and asked me to cooperate. This was what I was willing to do any time any day. She planned on asking my uncle if she could take me for a short walk. With her wisdom and strength, we successfully fled from that den and from that moment, I knew I was going to be healed not by taking medications, but because of the love and affection I will be getting from my sweet mother. To keep me happy and healthy, she used her experience and tried many works for earning: she sold cooked food by the roadside, opened a mint-vegetable store and also leaned houses. This was to see that we survive. Despite the hardships, she never gave up. Unfortunately, she continued to suffer from tons of work to do every day. I remember days where she woke up from 6 am and worked continuously until AMA, in an effort to afford for eight of her young children. She usually ended her day with great fatigue and could not keep her eyes opened as soon as she came back home. One thing I admire about my mother is her positive spirit. In spite of the hardship that we were going through, she was always optimistic about the future, smiling and saying softly in her prayers I know all will be well. She will turn to me and say my boy, when sickness, trouble, sadness and temptation comes your way, you can cry as much as you want but know that you were born to win and I believe you will change my story someday. This has been my motivation; this has been the only phrase that keeps me going every day. We got to my hometown late and I couldnt sleep. I lay in bed trying to get some rest from the stressful Journey, but all I could do was staring at the ceilings. Rather than tossing and turning in bed, I got up and walked the dark- silent hallway, walking restlessly and thinking about what I had gone through, the eve when we practice it. My mother is Just a normal woman like every other in the world. In my world, she is my hero. She sacrifices her life to make me happy; from her is where I got my strength, love and support to go forward in life. Without her by my side, I could not be what I am today. There is one lesson I learned from my mother: We need to give our best in anything we do in life. We need to know and appreciate the people who care about us. For me, my mother is my superhero. I promised her to be boy she sacrifices her life for me to be and I will do anything in the world to keep her happy even in death.

Free Essays on Alcohol Abuse

In reference to alcohol abuse among students, the theory that â€Å"the crux of the problem is the behavior of the drinker, not the quantity of alcohol consumed† is a valid one. The actions taken by drunken students are the fault of society’s denial of our students’ alcohol abuse and our inaction to resolve the issue. Our students need to develop a sense of personal responsibility, and our government along with our schools need to help our students develop it. How can we blame our students for the actions they chose to make in a situation that we never taught them to deal with or handle? We, as a whole, must recognize students’ alcohol abuse as a serious problem in our society, accept that it is our fault due to our denial of the issue, and begin to teach our students, at a young, how to deal with those kinds of issues, situations, and problems. â€Å"More than 1,400 college students die each year in alcohol-related incidents; mostly from falls, drowning and automobile accidents†(Binge Drinking). Obviously, the ‘Just Say No’ Campaign is failing. It seems as though we are telling our kids to just say no because we don’t want to make an effort to explain the harmful effects and consequences of consuming alcohol. Furthermore, we are ignoring the fact that one day they will be Castro 2 drinking and we must prepare them to deal with the situations they may face. If our students had been taught at an early age to avoid high altitudes, deep waters, and driving vehicles after consuming alcohol, the number of alcohol-related deaths would significantly decrease; however, this growing problem is not being dealt with in an effective way. Americans must recognize and accept alcohol abuse among students as a serious problem before anything can be done to correct the situation. In addition, students must also recognize and acknowledge their abuse of alcohol. Our students need to develop a sense of personal responsibility... Free Essays on Alcohol Abuse Free Essays on Alcohol Abuse In reference to alcohol abuse among students, the theory that â€Å"the crux of the problem is the behavior of the drinker, not the quantity of alcohol consumed† is a valid one. The actions taken by drunken students are the fault of society’s denial of our students’ alcohol abuse and our inaction to resolve the issue. Our students need to develop a sense of personal responsibility, and our government along with our schools need to help our students develop it. How can we blame our students for the actions they chose to make in a situation that we never taught them to deal with or handle? We, as a whole, must recognize students’ alcohol abuse as a serious problem in our society, accept that it is our fault due to our denial of the issue, and begin to teach our students, at a young, how to deal with those kinds of issues, situations, and problems. â€Å"More than 1,400 college students die each year in alcohol-related incidents; mostly from falls, drowning and automobile accidents†(Binge Drinking). Obviously, the ‘Just Say No’ Campaign is failing. It seems as though we are telling our kids to just say no because we don’t want to make an effort to explain the harmful effects and consequences of consuming alcohol. Furthermore, we are ignoring the fact that one day they will be Castro 2 drinking and we must prepare them to deal with the situations they may face. If our students had been taught at an early age to avoid high altitudes, deep waters, and driving vehicles after consuming alcohol, the number of alcohol-related deaths would significantly decrease; however, this growing problem is not being dealt with in an effective way. Americans must recognize and accept alcohol abuse among students as a serious problem before anything can be done to correct the situation. In addition, students must also recognize and acknowledge their abuse of alcohol. Our students need to develop a sense of personal responsibility...

20 Best Christmas Gifts for Students with Imagination

20 Best Christmas Gifts for Students with Imagination 20 Best Christmas Gifts for Students with Imagination Christmas is the time of giving. People around the world spend lots of time, effort, and money to give out to the less fortunate and to their loved ones. And for some students, it means saving enough cash from their allowances and think of imaginative ideas to utilize their budget. Giving Christmas gifts doesn’t mean spending loads of cash on a Christmas present. There are numerous gift ideas for your loved ones, which are creative and personal. Here are 20 examples of best Christmas gifts for students with imagination: 1. DIY pillow cases Are you thinking of something special to give your parents? And get really tired whenever your mom spends loads of time in the department looking for the perfect red and green pillow case this Christmas? Lastly, are you a creative person who enjoys do-it-yourself or DIY projects? This is one the best gift ideas for you. Why? It will save you from spending too much on one gift It is something personal and chances are your mom will appreciate it You will spend more time doing something you like What you need are the following: A meter or yard of plain cloth with any fabric you like, zipper or buttons, and needle and thread. And if you feel like decorating it, you may do so with cross-stitch patterns or embroidery. 2.   A sweet letter One of the best gifts anyone can get are personal letters written from the heart. First, you won’t have to spend anything but a decorative paper and a pen. Think of it as a Christmas writing discount where you improve your skill in writing and become a better writer. Here are some thoughts and guidelines if you wish to pursue this idea: Think of your letter as educational writing. You need to put it time and effort to impress your professor, and in this case your parents or loved ones. This kind of Christmas present can be as personal as you want it to be. Remember the fundamentals of writing like a good introduction, a heartfelt body, and a strong conclusion. And here I say, you’re welcome. Christmas writing is fun. And if you do not have can hire essay writers online and get a Christmas writing discount 3. A video editorial This type of Christmas present is best fit for students who are into film and any related field. You can edit old homemade videos and present it on Christmas day 4. Dough sets for your niece Thinking of creative gift ideas for your cousins and niece? Dough sets maybe the smartest choice. Why? Kids learn creativity and explore new shapes and sizes. 5. Journals or organizers Having a hard time buying gifts for students? Go for the usual journal or organizer. Students sometimes are having a hard time managing their time with all the requirements in school.. If you give them an organizer, they can now schedule their daily errands. Furthermore, if you give a student a journal, he can put to words and in detail all his or her experience in school. 6. Printed socks There are various companies who sell printed socks. It’s very out in the market, meaning you won’t have a hard time finding them. They’re available in different colors, patterns, and sizes. 7. Pencil cases A pencil case is a good gift idea if you’re thinking of a gift for a writers or students who have a collection of color pens, highlighters, and pencils. They now come in different shapes and styles. You can give the usual pencil you used to bring to school in junior high or a leather roll-up pencil case for a more professional look. 8. Ballpen set So there’s something to put in your pencil case. 9. Notepads Sticky notes have been in our lives for a long time and it’s not going to be obsolete even in today’s age of technology. It’s a thoughtful gift and also imaginative. 10. A selection of how-to guides for DIY artists This is a perfect gift for imaginative individuals who enjoy making DIY. 11. Running shoes Imaginative students also need to have a healthy lifestyle. 12. New clothes Buying clothes is an obvious choice for gifts. And young creative minds sometimes forget to dress up because of they are pre-occupied with all their projects they have to accomplish. Most imaginative individuals tend to wear the same style on a daily basis because it saves them the time and effort to think of their wardrobe. This is a good option because you already know what they want. If he or she wears a lot of black, buy a black shirt. This idea saves you the time and the possibility of committing a mistake. 13. Set of pencils Pencils have a variety of shades and function. If you’re giving a gift for someone who is into arts, giving him or her new set of pencils is a great option. 14. A witty mug This is probably the perfect gift for people who loves drinking coffee. There are a lot of options in the market. You can give a mug with pop arts designs or a witty statement that reflects his or her personality. 15. A spa gift certificate Buying gifts for students can sometimes be a painful task. The best gift for hard working students is something that will release them from all the stress through a nice day at the spa. 16. A good novel Reading is both fun and informative. 17. Foot rest This gift idea is perfect for writers who are glued to their couch thinking of the next great love story. 18. Pencil holder This gift idea is perfect for writers who are glued to their couch who writes all their next great ideas. 19. Typewriter This is a good idea for writers who can take a good pun. It’s traditional and retro! 20. Calligraphy writing set A calligraphy set is a great idea for students who have a penchant for writing. They can use it to practice their handwriting or even write an entire book using this just like some of the greatest writers who have walked this earth.

Nanogene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nanogene - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  the founders came together with common interest of setting up their own company that would provide breakthrough products in the biotechnology domain such as a product to isolate specific genes responsible for a disease and further help in inventing specific treatments.   Each founder had different expertise within the same domain.   With such diversified experience and knowledge, these founders could foresee a fortune in this company and was thus expecting something similar.   All founders decided that each would draw the same salary and have equal proportion of options.   Paige Miller was an external consultant and was being considered to be hired as the VP Operations. She was expecting to earn much more than what the founders offered considering her experience, market value and the value addition should could make to NanoGene.This essay declares that a â€Å"founder† is an entrepreneur or the starter of a company based on an idea c onceived by himself.   In the present case, the ideation involves five different people and hence five founders of NanoGene Technology.   A founder is intellectually, financially and morally committed to his/her company, whereas an employee is only morally and intellectually committed to the company for which he gets financial or monetary benefits from the company.   A founder owns complete responsibility of the company and the people associated with it.   He is also obliged to follow external social, legal, cultural, and economic policies.   

Relationship between the Management Layer, Board and Staff Assignment

Relationship between the Management Layer, Board and Staff - Assignment Example In the functional structure, employees in the organizations tend to perform with the specialized set of tasks. It would be easy for them to work with their specialized skills and be apt to feel comfortable (Iqbal, n.d.). With this structure, there would be a direct relationship with the management and the staff in each department product/service line because of direct supervision. There would be the close relationship, interaction, communication and quick response for both the management and the staff. The board at the same time, to which the management reports, can easily determine on what to focus for there is an open engagement of relationship.The system and internal structure, rewards, and benefits, application and teamwork are needed so that the board, management, and staff would enable to work successfully (â€Å"The Five Elements,† 2009). The system and internal structure of the organization should be sufficient for the survival of the member of the business. Rewards an d benefits should be given consideration so that loyalty among them would be achieved. Lastly, there should be the application of the system and teamwork so that success would be realized. Iqbal, N. (n.d.). Effective organization structure acts as the lifeblood of business. Ezine Articles.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk :: Biographies Bio Biography

FOUNDER AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC Atatà ¼rk was born in 1881 at the KocakasÄ ±m ward of Salonika, in a three story pink house located on Islahhane Street. His father is Ali RÄ ±za Efendi and his mother Zà ¼beyde HanÄ ±m. His paternal grandfather, HafÄ ±z Ahmed Efendi belonged to the KocacÄ ±k nomads who were settled in Macedonia during the XIV - XV th centuries. His mother Zà ¼beyde HanÄ ±m was the daughter of an Old Turkish family who had settled in the town of Langasa near Salonika. Ali RÄ ±za Efendi, who worked as militia officer, title deed clerk and lumber trader, married Zà ¼beyde HanÄ ±m in 1871. Four of the 5 siblings of Atatà ¼rk died at early ages and only one sister, Makbule (Atadan) survived, and lived until 1956. Upon reaching school age, little Mustafa started school at the neighborhood classes of HafÄ ±z Mehmet Efendi and later, with his father's choice, was transferred to Åžemsi Efendi School. He lost his father in 1888 where upon he stayed at the farm of his maternal uncle for a while and returned to Salonika to complete his studies. He registered at the Salonika Mà ¼lkiye Rà ¼Ã…Ÿtiye (secondary school) and soon transferred to the military Rà ¼Ã…Ÿtiye. While at this school, his math teacher, also named Mustafa, added "Kemal" to his name. He attended the ManastÄ ±r Military School between 1896 - 1899 and later the Military School in Ä °stanbul from which he graduated in 1902 with the rank of lieutenant. He later entered the Military Academy and graduated on January 11, 1905 with the rank of major. Between 1905 - 1907 he was stationed in Damascus with the 5th. Army. In 1907 he was promoted to the rank of "KolaÄŸasÄ ±" (senior major) and was posted with the III rd Army , which w as stationed in ManastÄ ±r. He was the Staff Officer of the "Special Troops" (Hareket Ordusu) which entered Ä °stanbul on April 19, 1909. He was sent to Paris in 1910 where he attended the Picardie manuevers. In 1911 he started to work at the General Staff Office in Ä °stanbul. Mustafa Kemal was stationed at Tobruk and Derne regions with a group of his friends during the war which started with the Italian attack on Tripoli. He won the Tobruk battle in 22 December 1911 against the Italians. On March 6, 1912 he was made the Commander of Derne. When the Balkan War started in October 1912, Mustafa Kemal joined the battle with units from Gallipoli and BolayÄ ±r.

To What Extent Did the German People Benefit from Nazi Rule?

Jews, Gypsies, Homosexuals and mentally or physically disabled people were persecuted. The Nazis wanted to maintain the ‘Aryan’ race so German people were not allowed to interbreed with inferior races. Many ‘ordinary’ Germans shared these ideas and there was little evidence of opposition to persecution from German civilians. There was also a public participation in persecution, if an ‘ordinary’ German believed someone to be racially impure they would turn them in to the Nazis. Some ‘ordinary' Germans even benefitted from the persecution of minorities, especially because the majority of Jews were earning a lot of money, and because of these persecutions the Jews were put out of jobs, and suddenly the ‘ordinary’ Germans had jobs. Limits of freedom of action for minority groups (for example, the right to marry an Aryan removed). Workers organisations such as Strength Through Joy and Kraft durch Freude (KDF). Subsidised cars, holidays and leisure activities. Real earnings figures for 1938 are the SAME as for 1928 (ie no better, no worse). Unemployment fell from 6 million in january '33 to 300,000 by January '39. Working hours limit increased to 72 hours a week. Wages low – but 10x that of the dole. Trade unions banned which damaged workers’ rights, it meant a loss of power, and no huge wage increase. Hitler created the National Labour Service’ (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) which hired unemployed people and they were mainly involved in public work schemes, for example, digging drainage ditches on farms, planting new forests and building schools and hospitals. Men in the RAD were forced to wear military uniform and received no wages other than ‘pocket money’. However, meals were free which was better than a life with no work at all. Jews and women no longer counted in statitstics. The main reason for unemployment was re-armament. Family values. Role in home glorified. Womens role reverts to ‘traditional'. There was pressure on women to look the right way, they should have fair hair, blue eyes, athletic bodies, not slim and ruddy complexions. They should be heavy hipped. They should wear a flat skirt with flat heels and no makeup. They should dress using home-produced substitutes for imported materials. They should never smoke in public, and they were to cook using leftovers. They were to bring up their children as loyal Nazis. However, many were happy because the situation they were in was much better than before. Invasion of SA. Patronising. Produce children. Nazis believed that women were made to be wives and should stick to their ‘natural’ occupations in the home. If women needed to work, the Nazis wanted them to have occupations that used their ‘natural’ talents such as nursing. They wanted the amount of births of the ‘Aryan’ race to increase. Intrest free loans of 1000 marks were offered to youn married couples only if the wife gave up work. For the ‘normal’ German citizen freedom of speech removed, was increased stability worth this price? Limited availability of news as a result of censorship. Freedom of speech restricted, illegal to criticise the regime. Propaganda is limited in it's effectiveness, people could SEE what things were like. Prior to the war, for many Germans, the outlook WAS good. Hitler youth did not get a good academic education. Intelligence not valued. Expected to look a certain way. The female Hitler youth was the only youth organisation permitted in Nazi Germany. There were three groups 10-14 year olds, 14-18 and 17-21. The female Hitler youth only gained a large membership after the Nazis came to power in 1933. The members could only be ethnic Germans who did not have hereditary diseases. The members were only allowed to include unmarried and childless members because they were the people who the organisation sought to teach the values of having children and staying at home. Young Germans were in favour of the Nazis and their ideology.

Dissociative Identity Disorder - 1678 Words

Dissociation is defined as â€Å"a mental process, which produces a lack of connection in a person s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity† (Grohol, 2016). The Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a severe condition in which two or more separate, distinct identities or personality states are present in an individual. In other words, a person has, what seems like, actual distinct and contrasting people in their head and these â€Å"alters† are able to take control of an individual’s mind and body at any time and act as a completely different individual. Each alter is capable of having its own set of likes, dislikes, talents, memories, and personal experiences. The alters’ usually have a specific name, age, gender and possibly race. According to Psychology Today (2014), the alters’ characteristics are typically very different from the primary identity, including their history, self-image, vocabulary, knowledge and predominant mood. The primary identity tends to be passive, dependent, guilty and depressed. A person with DID experiences extensive memory loss which is typically more extensive than what would be experienced by ordinary forgetfulness. For instance, if an alter were to take over, once the individual is back in control of his or her own body, they typically report not remembering anything that was done or said. Some individuals report feeling â€Å"familiar† with the conversations or experiences that were had by the alter, but as if they had only overheardShow MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with itRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1194 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder is a disorder distinguished by the existence of two or more distinct personality states. It is also known as DID or Multiple Personality Disorder. It is very rare, with only 20,000 to 200,000 known US cases per year. Currently, there is no known cure, but treatment can sometimes help. Many believe that DID can be caused by a significant trauma and is used as a coping mechanism to help avoid bad memories. The disorders most often form in kids victim to long-term physicalRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder970 Words   |  4 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a severe condition in which two or more dissimilar identities, or character states, are present and alternately take control of an individual. The person experiences memory loss that is vaguely extensive to be explained as common forgetfulness. These symptoms are not taken in consideration for by seizures, substance abuse or any other medical conditions. Description of DID: Symptoms: Read MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2780 Words   |  12 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Imagine waking up in a new house, town, city, even state and not knowing how you got there. Now add onto that thought of forgetting almost a year of your life because someone else, or something, has taken over your body. That is just a look into dissociative disorders in general. Dissociative Disorders are ‘extreme distortions in perception and memory† (Terwilliger 2013). Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), or previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, isRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2296 Words   |  9 Pagesdefines dissociative identity disorder (DID) as the occurrence of a minimum of two different personalities and maybe more than two. It also clarifies that the switching between the distinct personalities can be observed by the individual who is suffering from dissociative identity disorder or witnessed by others. (Barlow, 2014, P. 1). This disorder used to be known as multiple personality disorder, which is more recognized and understood to peop le without a psychology background. This disorder can beRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper is about Dissociative identity disorder (DID) as known as multiple personality disorder. DID in which a person could have many different parts to their personality due to severe stress and an experience of a trauma. A person with DID when the have control over their one identity they cannot remember what they did when their other identities were in control. Most of the time people with DID have two personalities but they could have more than two which is referred as alters. ThenRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Dissociative Identification Disorder1485 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder is a mental disorder where an individual experiences two or more distinct personalities. When an individual is diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, one personality has dominant control of an individual. This personality controls how a person may act and how they live everyday life. A person diagnosed with this disease may or may not be aware of their alternate personalities. Each personality is contrasting of each other withRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder2158 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Dissociative Identity Disorder† Through out the years there has been many disorders that continue to be diagnosed on people, many can be difficult to deal with. Some of these disorders can be uncontrollable and can make it harder on the patients who are trying to get better. Disorders are not sicknesses that can be cured and gone with a couple of doses of medicine, disorders are serious problems a person has to deal with usually if not for a large amount of time, it can be every day for the restRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1030 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Defining what is abnormal is not necessarily easy. There are many different criteria to determine what exactly is normal and what is abnormal. According to Ciccarelli and White (2012) as early as 3000 B.C.E. there have been human skulls found with holes in them. Archaeologists suspect this was caused because of the treatments they had years ago such as â€Å"trepanning†. Trepanning is done nowadays as well to remove extra fluids from the brain, as for years ago doctors didRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Personality )1254 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) is thought to be a complex mental condition that is likely brought on by numerous variables, including serious injury amid early adolescence generally compelling, repetitive physical, sexual, or psychological mistreatment. The greater part of us have encountered mild dissociation, which resemble wandering off in fantasy land or losing all sense of direction at the time while taking a shot at an undertaking. In any